Annotated+Bibliography

1. Seibel, John A, MD. "Type 1 Diabetes." WebMD. N.p., 8 Mar. 2009. Web. 24 Sept.  2010. <[]>.

__Information __ //Author’s credentials//: The author of the source, John A. Seibel, MD, is a physician reviewer for Physicians’ Review Network, Inc. and is board certified by the American Board of Internal Medicine. He is also certified by Subspecialty Board of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism, and the American Board of Quality Assurance and Utilization Review. He is licensed in California and Minnesota, and a practicing internist and endocrinologist in New Mexico. Seibel is a member of the American Medical Association and a Founding Member of the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists. //Scope and Purpose of the work//: This source is an overview of type 1 diabetes that is intended to inform the reader about the disease. It is intended for a lay person who does not know much about the disease.

__Summary __ //Identify the author’s thesis//: The author’s thesis deals with understanding type 1 diabetes and its causes and complications. The author takes the position of relaying facts about diabetes to give the reader an overview of what the disease is and how it affects the human body. //What are the main arguments?//: The author discusses what type 1 diabetes is, who gets it, what causes it, the symptoms of the disease, how it is diagnosed, how it is managed, and the consequences of it not being controlled. He does not take a stand on the issues he discusses he just informs the reader of the issues. //Evidence//: The author gives basic facts about type 1 diabetes. He gives the statistic of type 1 diabetes usually starting in people under the age of 20, but anyone at any age can get the disease. He also states the statistic that the disease usually affects 1 in 250 Americans. Antibodies are present in 85% to 90% of people with type 1 diabetes when their blood sugars are high. Retinopathy occurs in 75% to 95% of adults who have had diabetes for over 15 years and kidney damage occurs in 35% to 45% of people with type 1 diabetes.

__Evaluation __ //Evaluation of research//: The work is logical, clear, and well-researched. The author is well qualified and obviously did his research on the stats related to diabetes. //Evaluation of scope//: The topic of the article has been well addressed it provides information on almost all aspects of juvenile diabetes. It gives a simple overview that an average every day person could understand. //Evaluation of author bias//: The author does not show any signs of being bias; he just gives facts on what the disease and does not bring his personal opinion into it.

__Reflection __ Is this source helpful to your research?: What I learned from this source were the basic facts of type 1 diabetes that gave me a better understanding of what the disease is and what actually happens inside a person who has type 1 diabetes. I learned about the consequences of the disease if it is not controlled and how it can cause serious health problems later down the road. The source gave me some background about juvenile diabetes that I can use for my argument. To talk about finding a cure for type 1 diabetes and to understand the research on finding a cure for diabetes I have to know the details about it and this source helped me with that.

2. Friedman, Eli A, MD. "Pancreas Transplant: A Cure for Diabetes?" The Doctor Will <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> See You Now. interMDnet Corporation, 2010. Web. 30 Sept. 2010. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> <[|http://www.thedoctorwillseeyounow.com/content/diabetes/art1998.html?getPage=1]>.

__<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Information __ <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> //Author’s credentials//: Dr. Eli Friedman is a teaching professor at SUNY Health Science Center Brooklyn and established the first funded dialysis clinic. He received his undergraduate degree at Brooklyn College and his M.D. from Downstate. He did his internal medicine and nephrology at Peter Bent Brigham Hospital. Dr. Friedman has received many awards and is the author of hundreds of peer-reviewed articles and textbook chapters. He was also designated Master of the American College of Physicians. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> //Scope and purpose of the work//: This source is an informational report on pancreas transplants potentially being a cure for diabetes. It is intended for a lay person who does not know much if anything about pancreas transplants and how they could potentially cure diabetes.

__<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Summary __ <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> //Identify the author’s thesis//: The author’s thesis deals with people diagnosed with type 1 diabetes getting both a kidney and pancreas transplant so they will not have to deal with the burdens associated with type 1diabetes. He is arguing that the transplants have a very high success rate and believes all those under the age of 45 with type 1 diabetes should get both transplants. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> //What are the main arguments?//: The author provides a little background information on what diabetes is and the two types of diabetes. He discusses how diabetes is currently treated and what people with diabetes deal with throughout their life. He then goes into what pancreas and kidney transplants are and how they could simultaneously help those with diabetes get rid of the burden of the disease. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> //Evidence?//: The author gives basic facts about both type 1 diabetes and pancreas transplants. He also gives the statistic of a report done in 1996 where 9,000 transplants had been done. People who got both a pancreas and kidney transplants had a 81% survival rate, ones who only got a pancreas transplant at a 64% survival rate, and those who only got a kidney transplant had a 71% survival rate. The author also talks about 500 simultaneous pancreas-kidney transplants that were done in Wisconsin and the survival rate one year after the transplants was 96.4%, 88.6% five years after, and 76.3% after ten years.

__<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Evaluation __ <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> //Evaluation of research//: The work is logical, clear, and well-researched. The author being a doctor is obviously qualified and did his research on the success rates of simultaneous pancreas and kidney transplants. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> //Evaluation of scope//: The topic has been adequately addressed it provides background knowledge on not only diabetes, but what pancreas and kidney transplants are and then goes into why they could greatly help those with type 1 diabetes and possibly type 2 diabetes. It is easy for an average person to understand and comprehend. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> //Evaluation of author bias//: The author is motivated to argue a certain position. He is on the side of simultaneous kidney and pancreas transplants being successful and very helpful in reducing the burden of diabetes on those diagnosed with it.

__<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Reflection __ <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">//Is this source helpful to your research?//: What I learned from this source was basic facts on what diabetics have to go through throughout their life and how down the road diabetes damages parts of their bodies, such as their kidneys. I learned about how diabetes is treated now and about kidney transplants. I also learned about pancreas transplants and if they were done simultaneously with kidney transplants life could become better for people with type 1 diabetes and even possibly people with type 2 diabetes. The source talked about a cure for diabetes, the simultaneous transplants, and gave statistics about the transplants that helps support my argument on finding a cure for juvenile diabetes and the research projects being done to find a cure for diabetes. The information in this source helped me by providing me with one of the research projects being done on curing juvenile diabetes and gave me a good overview on how diabetes is treated now, which gives me more background on the disease.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">3. "Beta Cell Therapies." //Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation International//. JDRF, 2010. Web. 8 Oct. 2010. <[]>.

__Information__ //Author’s credentials//: This article does not have a single author, but was written by researchers from the Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation International. This foundation is the worldwide leader for research to cure type diabetes and is the largest charitable funder and advocate of diabetes science worldwide. The foundation was founded in 1970 and their mission is to find a cure for diabetes and its complications through the support of research. //Scope and purpose of the work//: This source is and informational report on beta cell therapies that the foundation hopes will one day cure juvenile diabetes and its complications. It is intended for the lay person who does not know much about the therapies, but would like to be informed.

__Summary__ //Identify the author’s thesis//: The foundation’s thesis deals with beta cell therapies one day being able to regenerate insulin-producing cells in those with diabetes. It also deals with replacing insulin producing cells through a donor one day curing juvenile diabetes. The foundation takes the side that one day that insulin-producing cells will be able to be regenerated and/or replaced by donor cells in those with diabetes. //What are the main arguments?//: The foundation discusses what juvenile diabetes is and how the insulin producing cells of those with the disease have been killed by the person’s immune system. They talk about the steps to stopping the immune system attack and what would be needed to cure juvenile diabetes. Then they go into what regeneration is and how it could lead to a cure along with replacement of the insulin-producing cells that could also lead to a cure in the future. //Evidence?//: The foundation gives evidence on the progress of the beta cell therapy research. They give the evidence that researchers have identified a gene that is required for the development of insulin-producing cells and other types of cells in the pancreas. They found this out by finding mice that lacked the gene, known as Rfx6, and the mice failed to generate insulin-producing beta cells. Researchers found that the lack of the Rfx6 gene in people resulted in diabetes in newborns. Researchers at the Salk Institute for Biological Studies in California figured out that a hormone responsible for the body’s stress response is linked to the function and growth of the insulin-producing beta cells.

__Evaluation__ Evaluation of research: The source is logical, clear, and well-researched. The foundation is obviously dedicated to conducting research to find a cure for juvenile diabetes, making them well qualified to discuss the projects being worked on to cure juvenile diabetes. //Evaluation of scope//: The topic has been adequately addressed it gives an overview of what the project is about and different aspects of the research project. It also gives evidence of research that is being done and what the researchers are figuring out that could potentially lead them to a cure for juvenile diabetes. //Evaluation of author bias//: The foundation argues the position of the beta cell therapies leading to a cure for juvenile diabetes. Since the foundation was founded on the basis of finding a cure they are obviously motivated to describing their research as research that will lead to a cure and be successful.

__Reflection__ //Is this source helpful to your research?:// What I learned from this source is that one of the projects being worked on to cure juvenile diabetes is beta cell therapies. I learned about the project and the different aspects of it along with what breakthroughs have been made. I learned about how researchers are trying to get the insulin-producing cells to regenerate in those with diabetes and/or replace those cells with donor cells in order to cure diabetes. I also learned about how researchers identified the gene responsible for the development of insulin-producing cells. The source gave me information to start debating the potential for curing diabetes. It also gave me a certain project that is being worked on that helps me develop my argument of what research projects are being done to find a cure.

4. Watson, Chris, and Julia Baylis. "Frequently asked questions about combined kidney & pancreas transplantation." //Addenbrooke's Hospital//. Addenbrookes Hospital, July 2005. Web. 14 Oct. 2010. <http://www.cambridge-transplant.org.uk/program/pancreas/pancreas.htm>.

__Information__: //Author’s credentials//: Chris Watson is a Consultant Transplant Surgeon and Julia Baylis is a Pancreas Transplant Coordinator at Addenbrooke's Hospital. //Scope and purpose of the work//: The source is an informational report informing people of pancreas transplants. It is intended for those looking into getting a pancreas transplant or those just wanting to be informed about the procedure.

__Summary__: //Identify the author’s thesis//: The author’s thesis deals with understanding what a pancreas transplant is and what are the benefits and risks of having the procedure done. Both authors tend to take the side of pancreas transplants for people with juvenile diabetes being beneficial, but they also mention the risks of it. //What are the main arguments?:// The authors give background to how the pancreas works in the human body first. Then they go into why it is transplanted, why islet cells are not just transplanted instead of the whole pancreas, to whom the transplant is suitable for, the risks and benefits, how successful it is, and what life will be like after having the transplant. //Evidence?//: The authors give basic facts about the procedure. They say that pancreas transplants are usually done at the same time as a kidney transplant. Pancreas transplants do not help people with type 2 diabetes, since they still produce insulin. The transplants help type 1 diabetics. They also state that 85% of kidney transplants are successful after one year, and go on to be successful eight to ten years. After one year 75% of pancreas transplants are successful and continue to work for an average of 8 years. 10% of patients in the first year need the transplanted pancreas removed because it is unsuccessful. For just a kidney transplant a patients tends to be in the hospital for seven to ten days, however for a kidney and pancreas transplant patients tend to be in the hospital for three to four weeks. Rejection to the new pancreas happens in about a third of transplants and blood clotting occurs in about five in hundred cases. Four in ten patients might need a second operation to fix a problem that occurs after the transplant.

__Evaluation__: //Evaluation of research//: The work is very logical, clear, and well researched. The authors dealing with transplants, especially pancreas transplants, for a living make them well qualified to talk about pancreas transplants. Since they work in the field of transplants they know what goes on and know how pancreas and kidney transplants affect people who have had them. //Evaluation of scope//: The topic has been adequately addressed. It is written from the standpoint of professionals who know what they are talking about. They address almost every aspect f a pancreas transplant from who it benefits to how it is done to the aftermath of the procedure. Leaving the reader well informed. //Evaluation of author bias//: The authors tend to take an objective stance and are not really saying that all people who are qualified for the transplant should have it done. They give both sides saying the benefits and the risks. However, there is a little bias in the fact that one of the authors is a consultant for transplant surgeries and the other is a pancreas transplant surgeon. Underneath just stating facts about the procedure they seem to be in favor of the transplant.

__Reflection__ //Is this source helpful to your research?:// What I learned from this source was a little bit about how the pancreas transplant is done and who is suitable for the procedure. I also learned about how after the procedure is done diabetics should no longer need insulin injections and should not have to follow a special diet like they had to in the past. I learned about how long patients are in the hospital after having the surgery done and the results of the surgery. The source gave me more information of pancreas transplants that I can compare and contrast with other sources I have found on the transplants. This source gave me information that will help me decide how likely it is for diabetes to be cured and expanded on the project of pancreas transplants curing juvenile diabetes.

5. "Gene Therapy Reverses Type 1 Diabetes in Mice, Experimental Technique Shows."

//ScienceDaily//. N.p., 21 June 2010. Web. 14 Oct. 2010. <http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/06/100621091211.htm>.

__Information__: //Author’s credentials//: While the author is anonymous it was created with materials provided by the Endocrine Society. The society is mainly concerned with enhancing endocrine research and clinical care. They have accomplished increasing public awareness of hormones in heath and disease throughout the years. //Scope and purpose of the work//: This source is an informational source meant for the lay person. It gives an overview of the gene therapy experiment done on mice and is intended for those who do not know much about juvenile diabetes or gene therapy.

__Summary__: //Identify the author’s thesis//: The author’s thesis deals with informing the reader of the gene therapy experiment and how successful it was in mice. They also believe that the experiment could lead to a potential cure for diabetes. //What are the main arguments?:// The author talks about what juvenile diabetes is and the experiment done on the mice. He also mentions a past experiment that was done and how this experiment expands on it. He also explains the outcome of the experiment. //Evidence?//: The author gives facts about the experiments and juvenile diabetes. They state that juvenile diabetes affects about one in every 400 to 600 children and adolescents. The gene therapy experiment cured diabetes in fifty percent of the mice, and why it did not cure it in the authors is unknown.

__Evaluation__: //Evaluation of research//: The work is logical, clear, and well-researched. The author researched the experiment well and even talked to those who conducted the experiment. It is easy for the everyday person to understand, you do not need to be a doctor to understand what is being said. //Evaluation of scope//: The topic has been adequately addressed. It gives an overview of the experiment and does so in a professional yet comprehendible way. //Evaluation of author bias//: The author takes more of an objective stance on the issue. They seem to believe that the experiment could lead to a cure for juvenile diabetes, but he is more just relaying facts from the experiment and letting the reader know what the experiment was all about.

__Reflection__: //Is this source helpful to your research?//: I learned about another project being done to cure juvenile diabetes. Researchers are trying counter the two defects that cause juvenile diabetes. Those defects are autoimmune attack and destruction of the insulin-producing beta cells. In diabetic mice they added to the original gene therapy approach by adding a protective gene that shields the newly formed beta cells from autoimmune attack. The protective gene is interleukin-10. They are now trying to fortify the newly formed beta cells and protect them from being rejected to increase the treatments cure rate. This source helps me understand what needs to be done to cure juvenile diabetes and the obstacles associated with it. It taught me about gene therapy and how the experiment on mice could potentially lead to a cure in humans.

6. Kaufman, Dixon B., MD, PhD. "Pancreas Transplantation." //eMedicine//. by Medscape, 2010. Web. 19 Oct. 2010. <http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/ 429408-overview>.

__Information__ //Author’s credentials//: The author of this source, Dixon B. Kaufman, MD, PhD, is a director of pancreas transplantation, a professor, involved in the department of surgery and the division of transplantation. They also went to Feinberg School of Medicine and Northwestern University. They are a member of the medical societies of American college of Surgeons, American Society of Transplant Surgeons, American Surgical Association, Association for Academic Surgery, Central Surgical Association, National Kidney Foundation, Phi Beta Kappa, and Society of University Surgeons. //Scope and purpose of the work//: This source is an informational report on pancreas transplants. It is meant for qualified physicians and other medical professionals, not a lay person.

__Summary__ //Identify the author’s thesis//: The author’s thesis deals with understanding pancreas transplants and how they benefit those with type 1 diabetes. The author takes the position of explaining all aspects of the transplant and seems to believe that pancreas transplants can help those with type 1 diabetes. //What are the main arguments?//: The author gives background information about pancreas transplants, the history of the transplants and when they were first used, the pathophysiology related to the transplant, the frequency of transplants in the United States compared to how many people are diagnosed with type 1 diabetes a year, the mortality/morbidity associated with the transplant, candidates for pancreas transplantation, causes of juvenile diabetes, laboratory studies, imaging studies, surgical care, immunosuppressant agents for induction immunotherapy, further outpatient care after transplant, impatient and outpatient medications, complications, and prognosis. //Evidence?//: The author gives basic and detailed facts about all the aspects of pancreas transplants. They also give many statistics. One of which is that 100 transplant centers in the United States perform pancreas transplantations and about 1200 cases are performed annually in the United States. Also kidney transplantations are performed with 75% of pancreas transplantations. 15% of pancreas transplantations are performed after kidney transplantations that were successful. The 10% remaining just had pancreas transplants and never kidney transplants. In 1966 W.D. Kelly performed the first human, whole-organ pancreatic transplantation for treatment of type 1 diabetes mellitus; there were poor outcomes, although. There are about 1,100,000 people with type 1 diabetes in the United States and 35,000 new cases are diagnosed each year. However, only 1,200 pancreas transplantations are performed each year. The annual cost of diabetes is over $90 billion. The national one year survival rate of kidney and pancreas transplant recipients are 95%, 91%, and 86%. Around 15% of pancreas transplantations are performed with portal venous drainage. The rest are performed with systemic venous drainage.

__Evaluation__ //Evaluation of research//: The work is logical, clear, and well-researched. The author definitely knows what they are talking about and with all the stats definitely did their research on pancreas transplants. //Evaluation of scope//: The topic has been adequately addressed. It gives information on all the aspects of pancreas transplantations, from the history of them to the benefits/complications of the transplantation. It gives very detailed explanations about pancreas transplants and is written from the standpoint of a professional. //Evaluation of author bias//: The author seems to take an objective stance. They are more or less describing what is involved with a pancreas transplant and the history of it. They are not necessarily stating whether they strongly believe it can lead to a cure for juvenile diabetes or not. However, while they give the complications of the transplant they seem to be on the side of pancreas transplants being beneficiary to those with juvenile diabetes.

__Reflection__ //Is this source helpful to your research?//: From this source I learned a lot about pancreas transplants, from the study of pancreas implants back in 1891 before insulin was even discovered to pancreas transplants actually being done within humans and affecting the lives of those with juvenile diabetes. I learned about immunosuppressant agents for induction immunotherapy in detail, including the types of agents, how they are diagnosed, and precautions, and how the patients have to take them for the rest of their lives. The source taught me about the surgical and nonimunological complications of pancreas transplantations. It even gave me information on how often a patient has to have checkups after having a transplant. The source also gave me more information on how likely the transplants are to be successful and how they can help the lives of those living with juvenile diabetes. This source gave me information on how pancreas transplants are being used to potentially cure juvenile diabetes. It gave me a better understanding of what a pancreas transplant is, everything that is involved with it, and why it is not as simple as it seems at first glance.

7. "Stem-cell therapy for diabetes mellitus." //Lancet//. Lancet, 10 July 2004. Web. 21 Oct. 2010. <http://www.neiltheise.com/pdfs/LancetDM.pdf>. __Information__ //Author’s credentials//: The source does not reveal one definite author, but was created by Lancet. Lancet is involved with Liver and Stem Cell Research Laboratory, Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Beth Israel Medical Center, and Albert Einstein College of Medicine. //Scope and purpose of the work//: This source is an informational report on stem-cell therapy being used to cure diabetes mellitus. It is meant for a lay person who does not know much about stem-cell therapy.

Summary //Identify the author’s thesis//: The author’s thesis deals with explaining stem-cell therapy and how it could potentially in the future cure juvenile diabetes. The author takes the position of stem-cell therapy curing juvenile diabetes if they can find a way to transplant the stem cells successfully. //What are the main arguments?:// The author gives a background on what stem-cell therapy ultimately is, talks about an experiment done on mice, goes into more detail of stem-cell therapy, and then explains how could help cure juvenile diabetes in the future. //Evidence?//: The author gives evidence from an experiment done on mice to help explain how stem-cell therapy could cure diabetic humans in the future. Transplantation of embryonic stem cells derived insulin-producing cells that reversed diabetes in rodents, hinting that the cells do synthesize and release insulin. Only 1-3% of the islet cells originate from the transplanted marrow when donor derived cells are found in pancreatic islets of recipient mice. Early immunological intervention to stop stem-cell destruction during the development of type 1 diabetes mellitus in human beings allows recovery of pancreatic endocrine function.

__Evaluation__ //Evaluation of research//: The work is mostly logical, clear, and well-researched. Lancet obviously deals with a lot of medical research making them reliable. //Evaluation of scope:// The topic has been adequately addressed. They obviously know what they are talking about and they give background on the topic before delving into it with great detail. //Evaluation of author bias:// The author takes the side of support stem-cell therapy as a way of potentially being able to cure juvenile diabetes. Although they do discuss the complications involved with it and the potential of it not working.

__Reflection__ //Is this source helpful to your research?:// From this source I learned that stem-cell therapy could be used to cure juvenile diabetes in the future. I learned all about transplanting the cells and the troubles associated with it. I also learned about an experiment done with mice and how diabetic mice’s diabetes was reversed and their blood sugar and glucose levels were restored to normal. The mice experiment is similar to one I read about earlier in another source, so I can compare the two. Since the source is from 2004, it gives me an idea on how far research has or has not come since then and what past research has been done to try to find a cure for juvenile diabetes. The source also helped me to understand more reasons as to why finding a cure is so difficult and not as easy as one might think.

8. Goldstein, Robert. "Embryonic Stem Cell Research Is Necessary to Find a Diabetes Cure." //Gale Opposing Viewpoints in Context//. Ed. Jacqueline Lanwith. Gale, 2007. Web. 21 Oct. 2010. < [] >.

__Information__ //Author’s credentials//: The author, Robert Goldstein, is the chief scientific officer for Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation International, which is a foundation dedicated to finding a cure for juvenile diabetes. The foundation was founded in 1970 and their mission is to find a cure for diabetes and its complications through the support of research //Scope and purpose of the work//: The source is a persuasive piece that was a testimony to the U.S. Senate subcommittee by Robert Goldstein. Although it was a testimony in the context in which it is presented it is meant to inform a lay person.

__Summary__ //Identify the author’s thesis:// The author’s thesis is that embryonic stem cell research offers the most hope of a cure for juvenile diabetes. He takes the position that embryonic stem cells offer the greatest hope to provide lifesaving therapies for diabetes in the least amount of time. //What are the main arguments?:// The author’s main arguments are that embryonic stem cell research will enable the foundation to find a cure for juvenile diabetes the fastest, there is no time to wait there needs to be a cure now. He also explains how involved the Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation International is in finding a cure. He also goes into pancreatic islet cell transplantation and how JDRF will continue to research it, however they believe embryonic stem cell research has the most promise. //Evidence?:// The author talks about a study done in 2004 dealing with mice. In the study they found that new beta cells in the pancreas are formed through the replication of existing beta cells, which indicates that adult stem cells in the pancreas do not contribute to beta cell formation and that embryonic stem cells may be the only stem cells that will be helpful in generating beta cells for the treatment of type 1 diabetes. He also gives the statistics that in the six years since human embryonic stem cells were first successfully cultured in a lab juvenile diabetes has been a part of three million deaths and cost the nation over $750 billion. It has also caused around 500,000 amputations, caused over 100,000 people to become blind, made a quarter million people require kidney transplants or dialysis, and 120,000 moms have been told their child has type 1 diabetes. Those children during that time period would have 8,700 injections of insulin and 17,500 finger pricks to check blood sugar levels to survive.

__Evaluation__ //Evaluation of research//: The work is logical, clear, and well-researched. The author is a part of a foundation that is dedicated to finding a cure and is constantly doing research to achieve a cure, making him reliable. //Evaluation of scope:// The topic has been adequately addressed. The author describes what JDRF does in general first and then goes into their research project on embryonic stem cells. He also uses their research of islet cell transplantation to explain why they think embryonic stem cells will lead to a cure faster than islet cell transplantations. The source is easy for an everyday person to understand. //Evaluation of author bias:// The author definitely takes the stand of embryonic stem cells leading to a cure for juvenile diabetes faster than anything else they have discovered so far. It is clear that he is for the research of embryonic stem cells and mainly only talks about the positive aspects of the research.

__Reflection__ //Is this source helpful to your research?:// From this source I learned more about embryonic stem cells and more of how they could lead to a cure for juvenile diabetes. I got a little more information of islet cell transplantation and how JDRF thinks embryonic stem cell research will enable them to find a cure for juvenile diabetes faster than islet cell transplantation. I learned about what JDRF does and how big of a role they play in researching to find a cure for juvenile diabetes. This source gave me more of an opinion on what others out there think will lead to a cure for diabetes and what they think of the research being done, which will lend to my argument of how close we are to finding a cure and what research projects are being worked on.

9. "Pancreatic Islet Cell transplantation." //Student Resource Center-Health Module//. National Institute of Diabetes & Digestive & Kidney Diseases, 17 Mar. 1998. Web. 27 Oct. 2010. <http://find.galegroup.com/gps/ retrieve.do?contentSet=IACDocuments&resultListType=RESULT_LIST&qrySerId=Locale%28en%2C%2C%29%3AFQE%3D%28K0%2CNone%2C36%29islet+cell+therapy+cure+for+diabetes%24&sgHitCountType=None&inPS=true&sort=Relevance&searchType=BasicSearchForm&tabID=T001&prodId=IPS&searchId=R3&currentPosition=1&userGroupName=erde79591&docId=A6303931 6&docType=IAC&contentSet=IAC-Documents>.

__Information__ //Author’s Credentials//: While the source does not have one mentioned author it was created by the National Institute of Diabetes & Digestive & Kidney Diseases. NIDDK conducts and supports basic and clinical research on type 1 diabetes, along with other serious diseases that affect public health. They have been around for 60 years and seek to improve health for all people through medical research. //Scope and purpose of the work//: This source is an overview of Pancreatic Islet Cell Transplantation and the transplants potentially leading to a cure for type 1 diabetes. It is intended for the lay person that does not have much knowledge on the subject.

__Summary__ //Identify the author’s thesis//: The author’s thesis deals with pancreatic islet cell transplantations potentially curing juvenile diseases, but back in 1998 it was still an experimental therapy that had many barriers. The author is arguing that the transplants could cure diabetes and take away the burden of diabetic patients having to inject themselves with insulin everyday, if all the obstacles can be overcome. //What are the main arguments?:// The authors cover what islet cells are, how when the body destroys islet cells it leads to type 1 diabetes, how islet transplantation was still an experimental therapy back in 1998, the trouble of finding enough islet cells to transplant, how many islet cells needed for one patient, looking into islet cells from other species such as pigs, and overcoming the obstacle of the body rejecting transplanted islet cells with immunosuppressants. //Evidence?//: The authors give basic facts about the transplantations and where they were with the research back in 1998. Back in 1998 scientists had been making progress toward islet transplantation over the prior 25 years. As far as number of islet cells needed for one patient, 1 million islet cells would have to be transplanted in order for enough insulin to be made so insulin injections will no longer be necessary.

__Evaluation__ //Evaluation of research:// The work is logical, clear, and well-researched. The source being created by the NIDDK obviously means they have done their research and know what they are talking about, since the institution is all about clinical research and improving health for all people. //Evaluation of scope:// The topic has been adequately addressed. It is from a professional standpoint and presented clearly and seriously. It gives background information on what islet cells are and how the destruction of them cause type 1 diabetes and then goes into the obstacles involved in finding a way for the islet transplantations to eventually cure juvenile diabetes. //Evaluation of author bias:// The author takes an objective stance and does not necessarily say that the transplants will eventually cure diabetes, but does not say they will not either. They are on the side of and are hoping that islet transplants will one day cure diabetes, but they mention all the obstacles faced with it.

__Reflection__ //Is this source helpful to your research?:// This source taught me more about islet cells and more on the obstacles faced with islet cell transplants. The source also taught me about how the risks of using immunosuppressants (medicines that are given in large doses and necessary to stop the immune system from rejecting a transplant) back in 1998 were greater than the benefits of the transplantation. Since the source is from so long it go, it gave me knowledge into how long scientists have been working with islet cell transplants to try and cure juvenile diabetes. I can use this source and compare it to other ones about islet cell transplants and see how far they have come with the research and debate over how close scientists are to finding away for the transplants to work and a way to have plenty of islet cells available.

<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">10. "Islet Transplantation." //Diabetes Research Institute//. Diabetes Research Institute Foundation, 2010. Web. 8 Oct. 2010. [] <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> __<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Information __ <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> //Author’s credentials:// While this source does not have one mentioned author it was created by the Diabetes Research Institute, an institute dedicated to finding a cure through type 1 diabetes through research and experiments. It is the most comprehensive diabetes center of its kind in the world and is a recognized world leader in cure-focused diabetes research. Their multidisciplinary teams of scientists are bridging cell-based therapies with emerging technologies to restore insulin production in diabetics. They are consistently recognized among the country’s most efficient organizations. //<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> Scope and purpose of the work: //<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> The work is an overview on the research being done by the institute to find a cure for juvenile diabetes through islet cell transplants. It is intended for a lay person who would like to know what is being done as far as research for trying to cure juvenile diabetes. <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> __<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Summary __ <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> //Identify the author’s thesis:// The author’s thesis deals with relaying what is being done in clinical trials to find a safe and effective cure for juvenile diabetes. They are not really arguing anything. They are more just describing what is being worked on as far as research goes and what obstacles they are trying to overcome. //<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> What are the main arguments?: //<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> The author discusses how the institute is working on improving the safety and long-term success of cell replacement therapies, such as islet cell therapy. He also gives the institute’s clinical cell transplant program’s active protocols that deal with improving the safety and long-term success of cell replacement therapies. They give a list of clinical trials being worked on to find a cure for juvenile diabetes. <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> //Evidence?:// The author gives basic information on what clinical trials are being worked on, such as steroid-free/calcineurin-free trial in islet cell transplantation that utilizes campath-1H as induction therapy, islet cell transplantation along and CD34+enriched donor bone marrow cell infusion in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus, which uses a steroid-free regimen using campath 1H as induction therapy, islet cell transplantation alone in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus: steroid-free immunosuppression, islet after kidney transplant, and strategies to improve long term islet graft survival. They also gave the institute’s clinical cell transplant program’s active protocols, including assessing the safety and effectiveness of new drugs to prevent rejection, assessing the safety and effectiveness of other agents to improve islet engraftment and increase islet mass after transplantation, assessing the safety and effectiveness of co-transplanting selected immune cells to improve graft acceptance and promote long-term cell function, and identifying markers that indicate early islet loss so they can develop intervention strategies to sustain islet function. <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> __<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Evaluation __ <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> //Evaluation of research:// The work is logical, clear, and well-researched. The institute, Diabetes Research Institute, is obviously dedicated to conducting research to find a cure for juvenile diabetes and well qualified to discuss the research they are working on. <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> //Evaluation of scope:// The topic has been adequately addressed. It gives a clear understanding of what is going on in the research world and what scientists are trying to do to potentially cure juvenile diabetes. <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> //Evaluation of author bias:// The author takes an objective stance in this source. They just talk about what is being worked on now. However, there is a little bias in the fact that the institute that wrote the article is dedicated to finding a cure for juvenile diabetes, so they are on the side of the research leading to a cure, although they do a good job of being professional. <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> __<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Reflection __ <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> //Is this source helpful to your research?:// What I learned from this source is more about islet cells and where scientists are at in the present with islet cell therapy curing juvenile diabetes. I learned that years later islet cell transplantation is still an experimental procedure and scientists are still facing obstacles with keeping the cells from being rejected. Scientists are also working on safe immunosuppressants that will not harm the patients. I learned about specific clinical trials that are being worked on. I can use this source to debate how close scientists are to finding a cure for juvenile diabetes and the source gave me research projects that are being worked on to find a cure.